SN1 reactions, E1 reactions, the addition of hydrogen halides across C=C double bonds, the acid dehydration of alcohols, and electrophilic aromatic substitutions entail the formation of an intermediate structure. What is the name of this structure? answer Carbocation

Grignard reactions and aldol condensations involve what type of organic ion? answer Carbanion

What basic type of reaction are esterification, saponification, hydrolysis, ammonolysis, transesterification, various polymerizations, and many biochemical reactions? answer SN2 (second order nucleophilic substitution) reactions

Why do carbonyl compounds tend to undergo nucleophilic addition while carboxylic acids tend to undergo nucleophilic substitution? answer The -OH group in carboxylic acids is a relatively good leaving group, facilitating substitution. Carbonyl compounds do not have -OH groups or other good leaving groups, and so substitutions are not favored. They can, however, have addition across their C=O double bond.